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a Related Biological Terms:

bite-chew mechanism

(see proteasome)

biuret reaction

A colour reaction for the quantification of protein in solution. By analogy with the compound biuret (H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2), the peptide backbone of proteins reacts with alkaline copper solutions to produce a violet colour.

bivalency

The property of an immunoglobulin G molecule, and some other immunoglobulins, of having two antigen-binding sites.

blast cell

(= stem cell (blast cell))

blood clotting cascade

The sequence of reactions, initiated by exposure of blood to extravascular surfaces, that results in a fibrin clot (see also extrinsic pathway; intrinsic pathway)

blood group substances

The oligosaccharide moieties of glycoproteins that appear in many biological fluids (saliva, urine, milk) as well as on the surface of erythrocytes. These antigens, upon reaction with specific antibodies, cause agglutination of the cells to which they are attached. Examples are the A, B and O antigens.

boat form

(see chair form)

boomerang DNA amplification (BDA)

A technique similar to PCR that also uses a heat-resistant polymerase and cycles of polymerization, denaturation and annealing, but which requires only one primer. The source DNA is digested with a restriction endonuclease. A universal adaptor is engineered with self-complementary sections, so that it loops back upon itself and has ends that permit ligation to both strands at each end of the restriction fragment. In the first amplification cycle a primer anneals to an internal site and the polymerase copies the primer-binding strand through the adaptor, back along the second strand and past the site that is complementary to the primer-binding site of the first strand. In subsequent cycles the primer will have two sites for initiation of polymerization. Hengen, P.N. (1995) Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 372-373 Related tool: real time pcr

boron analogue

A derivative of an enzyme substrate in which ;B-OH replaces ;C=O of an amide or ester as an approximation to the transition state for its hydrolysis. (see also transition state inhibitor)

boundary complex

(see insulator)

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