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a Related Biological Terms:

bio-inorganic

Descriptive of biochemical materials that include elements, frequently metals, not popularly associated with them, e.g. Fe-S redox proteins, cobalamin, Zn fingers, the Fe-Mo centre of nitrogenase.

bioactive

Descriptive of the chemical, stereochemical or conformational form of a substance in which it performs its biological function

bioavailability

The ease of access a drug or nutrient may have to its site of biological action; e.g. the ability of an antisense oligonucleotide designed to target a neuroreceptor to cross the blood-brain barrier, the ability of vitamin B12 to be absorbed by the digestive system

biochemical genomics

An experimental approach to identification of the gene responsible for a given enzymic activity. Each open reading frame (ORF) of an organism, yeast for instance, is fused to the cDNA of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in a plasmid and then introduced into yeast. Yeast strains containing these plasmids are assayed in groups for the desired activity until the one strain with the activity is identified. (GST facilitates purification of the GST-ORF fusion protein by affinity chromatography.) Once the strain containing the activity is known, the ORF in the plasmid, which is responsible for the activity, is easily determined.Martzen, M.R., McCraith, S.M., Spinelli, S.L., Torres, F.M., Fields, S., Grayhack, E.J. and Phizicky, E.M. (1999) Science 286, 1153-1155 Learn more about restriction enzymes.

biogeochemical sulphur cycle

(= sulphur cycle)

bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data, particularly large-scale biological data generated from various sources, such as genomics, proteomics, and other "omics" technologies. The primary goal of bioinformatics is to derive meaningful insights, patterns, and knowledge from biological data to enhance the understanding of biological processes, genetics, evolution, and disease mechanisms. Key aspects and applications of bioinformatics include: 1. Sequence Analysis: Bioinformatics plays a crucial role in the analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, including tasks like sequence alignment and predicting gene and protein functions based on their sequences. 2. Genome Annotation: Bioinformatics tools facilitate the identification of genes, regulatory elements, and other functional elements within DNA sequences, helping researchers understand the genetic makeup of organisms. 3. Structural Biology: Bioinformatics utilizes predictive and analytical methods to elucidate the three-dimensional structures of proteins and nucleic acids to understand their functions and interactions. 4. Phylogenetics: Bioinformatics constructs phylogenetic trees to study evolutionary relationships among species using DNA and protein sequences. 5. Comparative Genomics: It compares genomes from different species, identifies conserved regions, and studies genome evolution. 6. Functional Genomics: Bioinformatics analyzes gene expression data, identifies regulatory networks, and explores gene control mechanisms, deepening our understanding of gene functions. 7. Metagenomics: Bioinformatics helps metagenomics study microbial communities by analyzing DNA sequences from environmental samples, such as soil, water, or the human microbiome. 8. Proteomics and Metabolomics: Bioinformatics plays a crucial role in processing and interpreting data from proteomics and metabolomics experiments. 9. Disease Research: Bioinformatics identifies disease-related genes, biomarkers, and potential drug targets, aiding in personalized medicine. 10. Drug Discovery: Bioinformatics predicts drug-protein interactions and analyzes chemical compound databases to discover new drugs. Bioinformatics is critical in modern biology and biomedical research, handling and interpreting vast amounts of biological data generated by cutting-edge technologies. It continues to advance our understanding of life sciences and finds applications in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental science. GenScript Offer Bioinformatics Tools: https://www.genscript.com/tools.html Related publications citing GenScript: Phylogenetic analysis of plant multi-domain SEC14-like phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and structure-function properties of PATELLIN2 (genscript.com) Comparative genomics of mortal and immortal cnidarians unveils novel keys behind rejuvenation (genscript.com) Exploring the yeast acetylome using functional genomics. (genscript.com)

biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA)

The detection by a biosensor of a specific binding event for quantification of the ligand. One kind of BIA is surface plasmon resonance, the observation of polarization of light reflected from a surface coated with one of the binding partners. The change in polarization provides, in real time, a measure of binding of the second partner. Szabo A., Stolz, L. and Granzow, R. (1995) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5, 699-705 Related tool: real time pcr

bioreactor

A vessel and ancillary equipment used for the growth of cells. The bioreactor may be designed to maintain temperature and levels of oxygen and nutrients and to monitor cell density, nutrient or metabolite levels

bioremediation

Processes that use the capabilities of micro-organisms to treat waste products that may be environmentally harmful and to render them innocuous.

bis-ligand

(see affinity precipitation)

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