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a Related Biological Terms:

circular dichroism (CD)

A technique for determination of the asymmetry of a molecule. Unlike in a conventional polarimeter, where light is restricted to oscillation in a plane, in CD the direction of oscillation turns clockwise around the direction of the beam (right-circularly polarized) or counter-clockwise (left-circularly polarized). CD is expressed as (AL-AR)/lm, where for any wavelength AL and AR are the absorbances of left- and right-circularly polarized light respectively, l is the pathlength through a solution, and m is the molarity of a chiral solute. A CD spectrum of a protein in the far-ultraviolet, where the peptide bond absorbs, is characteristic of its conformation, whether α-helix, β-sheet or random coil. (see also optical rotation; optical rotatory dispersion (ORD))Johnson, W.C., Jr. (1988) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 17, 145-166 Recommended reading: lipofectamine 2000 protocol

cis-acting

Descriptive of the controlling effect of a regulatory gene on a structural gene that is adjacent to it; later broadened to distinguish intramolecular (cis) from intermolecular (trans) actions. (see also trans-acting)

cis-acting

(see self-splicing)

citric acid cycle

(= tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

citrovorum factor

N5-Formyltetrahydrofolic acid; originally isolated as a growth factor for Leuconostoc citrovorum.

clade

In phylogenetic taxonomy, families or subfamilies descended from a common ancestor.

clamping protein

(see SNARE hypothesis)

class I

(see major histocompatibility complex (MHC))

class II

(see major histocompatibility complex (MHC))

class II receptor

An acceptor; a membrane constituent that aids in transmembrane transport of nutrients, ions, etc.; distinguished from pharmacological receptors, which perform signal transduction, e.g. signal recognition followed by generation of a second messenger. Hollenberg, M.D. (1991) FASEB J. 5, 178-186 Check our biology tool: codon optimization

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