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a Related Biological Terms:

cation exchanger

(see ion-exchange chromatography)

caveolae

Small invaginations of the plasma membrane, characterized by glypiated proteins among others, that provide binding sites and points of entry of small molecules into the cytoplasm via trancytosis or potocytosis. Trancytosis is the pinching off of the ligand-bearing vesicle into the cytoplasm. Potocytosis is the putative closure of the narrow neck of the invagination and consequent isolation of the vesicular space from the extracellular fluid; the high local concentration of the ligand allows diffusion of trapped molecules into the cytoplasm. Travis, J. (1993) Science 262, 1208-1209

ccDNA

Closed circular DNA.

cell wall

The rigid, mainly cellulose, structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of a plant cell.

cell-to-cell channel

(= gap junction (cell-to-cell channel))

centimorgan (cM)

A genetic measure of the distance that separates markers in the same chromosome, especially in describing a map of the chromosome; the distance that permits a 1% frequency of crossing over (1 morgan is the distance that permits 100% crossing over); equivalent to about 13106 bases.

central dogma

In biology, the proposition that the permanent repository of genetic information is DNA which can be replicated, and that the information is expressed unidirectionally by transcription into RNA and thence by translation into protein; later qualified in important ways, e.g. upon the discovery of reverse transcription.

central nervous system (CNS)

A division of the nervous system of higher animals that consists of the brain and spinal cord. (see also peripheral nervous system (PNS))

centrifugal elutriation

A method for separation of isolated cells according to their characteristic sedimentation rates in a centrifuge rotor which is designed to allow flow-through of a fluid during operation; also known as countercurrent elutriation and elutriation centrifugation. The centrifugal force on the cells is opposed by the force of a fluid moving in the opposite direction. Cells are first sedimented in a density gradient, then displaced by a buffer of increasing density that flows into the bottom of the sample cell and out of the top, and carries with it cells of the same density. Diamond, R.A. (1991) Methods Companion Methods Enzymol. 2, 173-182

chair form

A conformation of a six-membered non-aromatic ring that places all opposing centres away from each other, as contrasted with the boat form, which places two of the opposing centres towards each other. A twist conformation is a slightly flattened and relaxed variation of the chair form.

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