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a Related Biological Terms:

domain swapping

The formation of a protein homo-oligomer by the replacement of a domain of each protomer with the same domain of an adjacent protomer.Bennett, M.J., Choe, S. and Eisenberg, D. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 3127-3131

dominant

(see allele)

double adaptor method

cDNA concatamer sequencing; a method for increasing the efficiency of sequencing cDNA library subclones cDNA fragments are cleaved with a restriction nuclease and randomly religated into larger DNA fragments (mis-named concatamers), which are then randomly sheared and the ends, repaired. A 5'-overhanging adaptor is ligated to them, which allows their insertion into a vector which has been prepared by leavage and religation with complementary oligonucleotide 5'- overhangs. The vectors with inserts are used for transfection. When these inserts are sequenced, the artificial junction between religated fragments may be recognized by the presence of the restriction site. The method increases the efficiency of sequencing of what would otherwise be 3'-ends of fragments, which are less likely to be successfully sequenced.Andersson, B., Wentland, M.A., Ricafrente, J.Y., Liu, W. and Gibbs, R.A. (1996) Anal. Biochem. 236, 107-113; Yu, W., Andersson, B., Worley, K.C., Muzny, D.M., Ding, Y., Liu, W., Ricafrente, J.Y., Wentland, M.A., Lennon, G. and Gibbs, R.A. (1997) Ge Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

double duplex invasion

A mechanism by which a pair of pseudocomplementary protein nucleic acids (PNAs) target and inactivate DNA. The DNA strands are unwound locallly and each is targeted simultaneously by one of the PNAs.Lohse, J., Dahl, O. and Nielsen, P.E. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 11804-11808

double helix (Watson-Crick model)

The arrangement in space of two polynucleotide chains in which each chain is wrapped around the other to form two antiparallel spirals. Each strand presents to the other the bases, purine to pyrimidine, with which it can form inter-strand hydrogen bonds. (see also A-DNA; Z-DNA)Watson, J.D and Crick, F.H.C. (1953) Nature (London) 171, 737-738 Learn more about sgRNA.

double-displacement kinetics

(= Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetics; see enzyme mechanism)

double-reciprocal plot

(= Lineweaver-Burk plot)

double-strand-break repair model

double-strand-break repair modelA mechanism proposed for the repair of DNA that has been fragmented at in a non-homologous region. The strands are unwound at the two ends to expose a site of microhomology, a potential pairing of no more than ten bases of each of the two strands. The strands are placed together at the site of microhomology, unpaired bases are cleaved, missing bases are filled in and ligated. Protein factors act to hold together the ends and to catalyze the necessary reactions. The process is closely analogous to the formation of a coding joint in V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin synthesis.Chu, G. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24097-24100 Learn more about sgRNA.

double-stranded

Descriptive of two complementary polynucleotide strands paired in a double helix; also (less commonly) of a protein multimer, such as F-actin.

down-regulation

The decrease in the number of hormone receptors on a target cell that occurs after exposure to the hormone. Also, in bacterial nutrition, equivalent to down-shift.

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