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a Related Biological Terms:

general genetic recombination

Recombination between homologous chromosomes that may occur during meiosis anywhere along their lengths. (see also Holliday model; Meselson-Radding model)

genetic map

(see mapping)

genetic marker

A DNA sequence that can be recognized and thus used to characterize the larger DNA sequence and the chromosome in which it occurs.

genomic DNA

Genomic DNA refers to the genetic material that in eukaryotes is found organized into multiple chromosomes within a nucleus, while in prokaryotes is organized as circular DNA residing within the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, genomic DNA includes protein-coding (exons) and non-coding sequences (introns); in contrast, prokaryotes’ genomic DNA only contains exon sequences. Different molecular biology applications (e.g., Sanger, Next-generation sequencing) require the isolation of genomic DNA from whole blood or tissues. Isolation of genomic DNA from whole blood may be achieved through different methods (e.g., solution-based or solid-phase DNA extraction) involving several basic steps such as cell lysis, nucleoprotein denaturation, enzyme inactivation, contaminant removal (i.e., RNA, lipids, and proteins), and lastly DNA precipitation. Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

genomic amplification with transcript sequencing (GAWTS)

A DNA sequencing method that involves PCR amplification of the target and uses a primer with an attached phage promoter sequence, transcription to produce a single-stranded RNA and reverse transcription with dideoxy terminator nucleotides that upon electrophoresis will generate a sequencing ladder. Buerstedde, J.-M. and Sommer, S.S. (1991) in PCR Topics: Usage of Polymerase Chain Reaction in Genetic and Infectious Diseases (Rolfs, A., Schumacher, H.C. and Marx, P., eds.), pp. 9-14, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

genomic library

A collection of transformed cells, each of which contains DNA fragments; the entire population represents the total genome of an organism, e.g. a rat library containing DNA fragments which together comprise the entire rat genome. Appropriate screening methods can select a single transformed cell that contains a specific gene. (see also cDNA library) Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

genomic mismatch scanning (GMS)

A method to detect and isolate DNA sequences that are candidate genes for inherited disorders for which the gene product is unknown, based on the absence of mismatches in DNA sequences between an affected individual and a heterozygous or carrier progenitor. Large DNA segments are prepared from the genomic DNA of the two related individuals in such a way (e.g. by leaving 3'-overhangs) that they will not be degraded by subsequent exonuclease digestion, e.g. by ExoIII. The DNA from one individual is enzymically methylated and annealed with the DNA of the second, heterohybrids (two methylated or two unmethylated strands) are cleaved by appropriate endonucleases, e.g. DpnI and MboI, and the uncleaved duplexes are scanned for single-base mismatches by methyl-directed mismatch repair enzymes that leave single-strand nicks that are attacked by ExoIII. The duplexes that survive all these tests are those that are shared by the two related individuals and are therefore candidates for the affected gene. Nelson, S.F., McCusker, J.H., Sander, M.A., et al. (1993) Nature genet. 4, 11-17; Kolodner, R.D. (1995) Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 387-401 Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

genomic subtraction

(= subtractive DNA cloning)

genomic tag model

The hypothesis that a tRNA-like loop (the tag) of the genomic RNA of some viruses that functions in copying a strand of RNA into a complementary RNA or DNA strand is a relic of the part of the RNA that functioned in initiating its own replication in the primordial RNA world. Gibbons, A. (1992) Science 257, 30-31 Learn more about sgRNA.

germ line therapy

(see gene therapy)

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