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a Related Biological Terms:

glyoxylate cycle (Krebs-Kornberg cycle)

A series of metabolic reactions in plants and bacteria, the net result of which is production of a 4-carbon compound from two 2-carbon compounds. The unique reactions are catalysed by malate synthase and isocitrate lyase.

glypiated

Descriptive of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, i.e. one that is associated with a cell membrane through an attached GPI group. An alternative term is piglylated, from phosphatidylinositol glycan (PIG). Dotti, C.G., Parton, R.G. and Simons, K. (1991) Nature (London) 349, 155-161

glypican

(see proteoglycan (mucopolysaccharide))

granulocyte

Granulocytes are the most common type of white blood cell. They contain enzyme granules in the cytoplasm (a thick, semi-fluid solution that fills each cell). Granulocytes are cells in the innate immune system characterized by specific granules in their cytoplasm. Granulocyte adherence to glass, plastic, nylon, wool, and other LAD granulocytes is significantly reduced and not stimulated by exposure to f-Met-Leu-Phe or phorbol myristate acetate. Granulocyte–monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and modulates the function of mature leukocytes. GM-CSF has been shown to enhance the antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages and dendritic cells, increase complement-mediated phagocytosis, and augment bacterial killing by innate immune cells. Granulocyte extracts or purified granulocyte elastase instilled into the airways of dogs and hamsters have been shown to cause emphysema.

granum

A closely packed stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast.

granzyme

A T-cell (granulocyte) proteinase.

green beard

A conspicuous phenotype that allows behavioural differentiation among individuals of the species. When the consequent behaviour is beneficial, the encoding gene can be considered a selfish gene.Grafen, A. (1998) Nature (London) 394, 521-523

ground state

The unexcited electronic state. (see also singlet state; triplet state)

ground substance

The histologically featureless extracellular matrix of connective tissue, largely composed of proteoglycans.

group transfer hydration

(see entropy effect)

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