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a Related Biological Terms:

global regulator

A metabolite that regulates many operons, e.g. glucose, as it regulates several anabolic reactions in a bacterium.

global regulatory circuit

A series of operons that are induced together, e.g. the genes for the heat-shock proteins or those for the SOS repair proteins.

globular

Descriptive of the folding of a protein upon itself in several convolutions to create interactions of the side chains in many weak salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds that result in a roughly spherical (globular) molecular shape.

glucogenic amino acid

An amino acid whose carbon skeleton can be metabolically converted, at least in part, into glucose. (see also ketogenic amino acid). Learn more about amino acid table.

glycation

The reversible condensation of the carbonyl group of a sugar with an amino group of a protein to form a Schiff base that often triggers subsequent irreversible rearrangements, e.g. the condensation of glucose with haemoglobin A to form haemoglobin A1c.

glycocalyx

The carbohydrate coating on the external surface of a cell membrane.

glycoconjugate

A compound composed of an oligosaccharide linked to a protein or lipid, e.g. mucins (which are glycoproteins), globosides (which are N-acetylsphingosine conjugates of oligosaccharides), and the endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria. (see also lipopolysaccharide (LPS))

glycogen storage disease

A defect in the turnover of glycogen that leads to increased amounts of the normal or abnormal polysaccharide in affected cells.

glycosaminoglycan

A subunit of a proteoglycan; an oligosaccharide that contains repeating disaccharide residues. One half of each disaccharide is an amino-sugar residue. Glycosaminoglycans include the sulphated chondroitins, dermatans and keratans, and the unsulphated hyaluronans. (see also ambidexteran; core protein; link protein; proteodermochondran sulphate)

glycosylation

Post-transcriptional modification of a protein by the addition of a carbohydrate moiety. (see also N-linked carbohydrate; O-linked carbohydrate)

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