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a Related Biological Terms:

cytoplasmic streaming

Concerted internal movement in some large cells in which bands of cytoplasm move just under the cell surface.

2-D crystallography

A technique for low-resolution (10–20 Å) determination of shapes of proteins, especially large, complex proteins that are not amenable to crystallization by conventional techniques. A monomolecular layer of a lipid molecule is spread over an aqueous solution of the protein. A ligand that binds and orients the dissolved protein extends from monomolecular layer into the solution. The oriented two-dimensional protein molecular array is then analysed by electron diffraction crystallography. Related tool: molecular biology tools

DEAD box protein

One of a group of proteins that have in common an Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD in the one-letter code) or related sequence, and function in ATP-dependent processing of RNA. Wasserman, D.A. and Steitz, J.A. (1991) Nature (London) 349, 463-464

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; a macromolecule formed of repeating deoxyribonucleotide units linked by phosphodiester bonds between the 5'-phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3'-hydroxy group of the next. DNA appears in Nature in both double-stranded (the Watson-Crick model) and single-stranded forms, and functions as a repository of genetic information that is encoded in its base sequence. (see also A-DNA; B-DNA; Z-DNA) Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

DNA chip

see chip (oligonucleotide array)

DNA enzyme

A single-stranded DNA that can hydrolyse a complementary RNA sequence. Such activity has been observed only in some synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides.

DNA fingerprinting (DNA profiling)

A method to generate a pattern of DNA restriction fragments that is unique to an individual, especially for forensic purposes. DNA from blood, semen or another tissue sample is isolated and cleaved with a restriction endonuclease; the products are separated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, blotted on to a nylon sheet, and fragments that contain a specific nucleotide sequence are detected by hybridization with an appropriate DNA probe to produce the unique pattern. (see also variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)) Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

DNA gyrase

An enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to unwind double-stranded circular DNA to form a negatively supercoiled molecule.

DNA methylation

A phenomenon that represses expression of regions of the genome. Transcription is prevented when the DNA is methylated and folded into nucleosomes. Eukaryotic DNA is methylated almost exclusively as 5-methyl cytosine; prokaryotic DNA is methylated also as 6-methyl adenosine. (see also imprinting)Kass, S.U., Landsberger, N. and Wolffe, A.P. (1997) Curr. Biol. 7, 157-165 Recommended reading: next generation sequencing

DNA molecular decoy

A synthetic polynucleotide with high affinity for a regulatory protein, such as a transciption factor, that can be used for research purposes, and potentially for therapy, to compete with the natural DNA sequence and attenuate the effects of the regulatory protein.Morishita, R., Higaki, J., Tomita, N. and Ogihara, T. (1998) Circ. Res. 82, 1023-1028

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