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at Related Biological Terms:

field-force fractionation

(= field-flow (field-force) fractionation (FFF))

fluctuating embryo

(see framework model)

fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

The observation of fluctuations in the concentration of sparse fluorophores in a small observation area. Applications include estimation of transport coefficients as a fluorophore repopulates a bleached area, and of very low concentratons as individual molecules diffuse in and out of the experimental field of vision.Maiti, S., Haupts, U. and Webb, W.W. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 11753-11757

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

A method for visualization of a genetic marker on a chromosome by use of a fluorescently labelled polynucleotide probe that hybridizes to and indicates the locus of a gene on a chromosome during mitosis (metaphase). (see also interphase nucleus mapping)

fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)

A technique for separation of cells according to their fluorescence after attachment of a fluorophore to specific cells, e.g. with a fluorescent antibody. Droplets that contain no more than one cell are passed by a device that imposes an electrical charge on fluorescent droplets and deflects them into their own receptacle. (see also cytoflow; flow cytometry)

fluorescence-based DNA analysis technology (FDAT)

Automated DNA sequencing using single-lane sequencing; adaptable to automated data collection.

flux-generating step

An enzymic reaction that limits the rate of subsequent steps in its metabolic pathway. In a steady state the flux of metabolites, expressed as mmol/min, is the same for all steps. The step is usually characterized by thermodynamic irreversibility, and the enzyme has a Km that is low compared with levels of its substrate in vivo, thus insulating itself and the pathway from variations in substrate levels.

freezing at reactive centres of enzymes

(see entropy effect)

functional divergence ratio (FDR)

A measure of the evolutionary selective pressure on a protein. In a family of homologous proteins, or the genes encoding them, the amino acid residues are categorized as functional (e.g. those at the binding site and catalytic site) or non-functional. The FDR is the ratio of mutations found among functional residues to those found among non-functional residues.

futile cycle (substrate cycle)

The coupling through common substrate/product pairs of an energy-requiring enzymic reaction with another energy-producing reaction that regenerates one of the products of the first reaction. The net result is the expenditure of energy, e.g. the phosphofructokinase and fructose phosphate phosphatase reactions that together generate and hydrolyse fructose bisphosphate with the net consumption of ATP. Such a cycle is potentially useful in the rapid response of metabolism to regulatory factors.

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