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at Related Biological Terms:

GATT

(= gene amplification with transcription/ translation (GATT))

Golgi apparatus

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in the post-translational processing and sorting of proteins. The Golgi receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and directs them to secretory vesicles, lysosomes or the cell's plasma membrane. The movement of the proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the RER or Golgi and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or plasma membrane. The surface of the Golgi that faces the RER is termed the cis-Golgi, the surface towards the apical membrane is the trans-Golgi, and the intermediary part is the medial Golgi.

Gram-negative

Descriptive of bacteria that do not stain by the Gram method, i.e. bacteria with two membranes. (see also Gram-positive; lipopolysaccharide (LPS))

gastrulation

During early embryogenesis, the invagination and reshaping of the cells of the blastoderm that results in differentiation into ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.

gate

A regulated channel through which ions pass across the plasma membrane; gating is the opening and closing of the channel.

gatekeeper protein

A protein that monitors transfer of a protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and prevents transfer of newly synthesized proteins with inappropriate conformations or with unpaired thiol groups.

gating

(see gate)

gauche conformation

An arrangement in space of the carbon-carbon bonds of the alkyl chains of a fatty acid residue of a membrane lipid. The backbone of the chain is rotated 120° from the trans conformation, to force the backbone into making a 60° turn through the bond.

gel filtration chromatography

A technique for separation of soluble compounds according to size, based on their relative ability to penetrate the carefully sized pores of the stationary gel phase.

gel retardation assay

(see gel shift assay (electrophoretic mobility shift assay; EMSA))

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