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homolactate fermentation

The fermentation of a hexose that produces only lactic acid, as opposed to heterolactate fermentation, which also produces other products.

homologous ligation

A method for fusion of two oligonucleotides, independently of any restriction site they share. A region flanking the desired ligation site on one fragment is introduced into the second fragment by PCR as part of one of the primers. The first fragment and the amplified second fragment are introduced in tandem into an appropriate plasmid that can be cleaved by a restriction nuclease engineered between the two fragments. The linearized DNA is used to transform a bacterium that has a high frequency of intramolecular homologous recombinations. Subsequent homologous recombination fuses the two fragments at their homologous region.Kawaguchi, S.-I. and Kuramitsu, S. (1994) Trends Genet. 10, 420

homologous recombination

The non-symmetrical crossing-over of genes at homologous sequences (e.g. at Alu sequences of introns between different exons of a single gene) which gives rise to two mutant alleles, one a deletion and the other an insertion; recognized in haemoglobin and low-density-lipoprotein receptor mutations. (see also illegitimate recombination)

homologous recombination hot spot

A DNA sequence that, by providing a specific protein- and RNA-binding site, shows a high frequency of homologous recombination events.

hybrid-type carbohydrate

One type of glycoprotein moiety that is attached to the -amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue (N-linked) and contains both mannose and sialic acid residues at the non-reducing ends. (see also complex-type carbohydrate; high-mannose-type carbohydrate)

hybridization

(= annealing (hybridization))

hybridization probe

A polynucleotide, often radiolabelled, used to detect complementary sequences, e.g. an mRNA used to locate its gene by a corresponding Southern blotting method.

hydrogenation

The reverse of dehydrogenation.

hydropathy index

A measure of polarity of an amino acid residue; the free energy of transfer of the residue from a medium of low dielectric constant to water. (see also optimal matching hydrophobicity (OMH))

hydropathy plot

A graph that shows regions of hydrophobicity or polarity of a protein; a line graph that displays the hydropathy index against the position of each amino acid residue of the protein. (see also optimal matching hydrophobicity (OMH))

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