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hydroxylamine and osmium tetroxide (HOT) technique (chemical mismatch detection)

A method for detection of single base substitutions in DNA fragments. Heteroduplexes of normal DNA and homologous mutant DNA are generated; the presence of C mismatches allows cleavage with hydroxylamine and the presence of C and T mismatches allows cleavage with osmium tetroxide. Cleavages are detected after polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.

hyperchromicity ratio

(see hyperchromic effect)

hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine (HAT) medium

A growth medium that is used to isolate monoclonal-antibody-producing cells, i.e. hybrids made from fusion of myeloma cell mutants that lack hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, and consequently cannot utilize hypoxanthine, with spleen cells, which do not proliferate in vitro. (see also hybridoma)

illegitimate recombination

Recombination with non-homologous regions of DNA. Each of the polynucleotide strands of double-stranded DNA is religated with DNA from different regions of the same or different chromosomes. (see also homologous recombination)

image plate

A kind of area detector; a phosphor-impregnated plate that can be scanned to quantify its radiation exposure, and can then be regenerated.

immediate-early stage

The first stage of response of a cell to viral infection, followed by the delayed-early stage and the late stage. Each stage is characterized by transcription of specific viral genes.

immunoaffinity chromatography

A variant of affinity chromatography in which an antibody coupled to the stationary phase adsorbs an antigen which is subsequently eluted at a different pH or a higher salt concentration. Specific antibodies may similarly be prepared on columns of immobilized antigens.

immunoprecipitation

A purification technique that separates antigenic material from a soluble mixture by precipitation with an appropriate antibody; an essential step in radioimmunoassays.

included mutation

A mutation that is expressed in a protein that is itself a subunit of a larger complex.

informational RNA (iRNA)

Essentially, intronic sequences of hnRNA, for which an evolutionary function has been proposed: by a mechanism analogous to the SELEX procedure, and in the absence of any conservative selective pressure, intronic RNA is recruited for evolution of new genes.(see cyclic amplification and selection of targets (CASTing)Gold, L., Singer, B., He, Y.-Y. and Brody, E. (1997) Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7, 848-851

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