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Base-pairing rule

The base-pairing rule, also known as Chargaff's rules, is a fundamental principle in molecular biology that describes the specific and complementary pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA molecules. These rules explain how adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) in DNA, and adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) in RNA, while guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) in both DNA and RNA. The base-pairing rule ensures the structural stability and integrity of the double-stranded DNA molecule and plays a critical role in DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

The base-pairing rule can be summarized as follows:

  1. In DNA:
•     Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), forming an A-T base pair. These bases are held together by two hydrogen bonds.

•     Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C), forming a G-C base pair. These bases are held together by three hydrogen bonds.

  2. In RNA:
•     Adenine (A) always pairs with Uracil (U), forming an A-U base pair. These bases are held together by two hydrogen bonds.

These base pairs form the rungs of the DNA double helix, with the sugar-phosphate backbone comprising the sides of the ladder. The complementary base pairing is essential for the faithful replication of DNA during cell division and for the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA. Moreover, the specific base-pairing rules are vital for the accurate translation of the genetic codes during protein synthesis.

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