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excitotoxins

A potential excitotoxin found in cycad seeds may contribute to the widespread neurodegeneration observed in individuals with ALS–Parkinsonism–dementia complex. Excitotoxins are variations of common proteins present in most living organisms. These excitotoxins can damage cells and include variations of the amino acids glutamine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid.

When administered externally, excitotoxins are known to primarily harm cell bodies near the injection site while sparing terminals and axon passages.

The ability of most potential excitotoxins to directly cause disease is hindered due to the stringent regulation of excitatory amino acid levels through processes such as intestinal absorption, the blood-brain barrier, and transport mechanisms in the brain.

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