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amyloid

Amyloid refers to abnormal fibrous, extracellular, proteinaceous deposits in organs and tissues. Amyloid is insoluble and is structurally dominated by a β-sheet structure. Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterized by a fibrillar morphology of 7–13 nm in diameter, a β-sheet secondary structure (known as cross-β), and the ability to be stained by particular dyes, such as Congo red. Amyloid formation involves a misfolding protein reaction. Amyloid fibrils are generally stable and relatively insoluble in native, aqueous buffers. In a way, amyloid is a foreign substance composed of self-proteins, but it is not easily recognized and removed as a foreign substance by the immune system for reasons that are not well understood. Secondary amyloid consists of the protein AA (amyloid A), an 8.5 kDa protein that is heterogeneous (at the amino terminal end).

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