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reticuloendothelial system

The Reticuloendothelial System (RES), currently more commonly recognized as the Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS), consists of molecularly and morphologically diverse phagocytic cells. The cells of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System are believed to have two main origins, being derived early at embryonic stages from yolk sac stem and progenitor cells and during postnatal and adult stages from bonemarrow progenitors differentiating into monocytes and dendritic cells. Once home to a variety of organs and tissues, monocytes differentiate into macrophages.

As a resident or stationary macrophages and dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes play a critical role in innate immunity by engulfing and breaking down microorganisms, cells, and other substrates. Additionally, the Mononuclear Phagocyte System cells contribute to adaptive immune responses by cross-presenting processed peptide antigens through Major Histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) receptors to CD8+ T cells. Resident macrophages (e.g., brain microglia, liver Kupffer cells, lung macrophages, and colonic macrophages) also have distinct mRNA expression signatures. Several genes are uniquely expressed by specific macrophage populations, including Sall1 in microglia, Clec4f in Kupffer cells, and Car4 in lung macrophages.

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