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peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycans constitute the main bacterial cell wall component, critical for cell shape and integrity. Peptidoglycan consists of polysaccharide strands made from alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) residues cross-linked by short peptides bridges. The resulting peptidoglycan mesh surrounding the bacterial cell membrane can also be bound covalently by other polymers, such as teichoic acids and long-chain lipids.

The bacterial cell wall is a dynamic structure, which undergoes remodeling during bacterial growth, cell division, and other processes, leading to the release of peptidoglycan fragments or muropeptides. Peptidoglycan remodeling is mediated by various enzymes called peptidoglycan hydrolases, which cleave specific bonds within the peptidoglycan mesh. Additionally, peptidoglycan fragments are commonly released during bacterial cell lysis. Peptidoglycan fragments are immunostimulatory and classified as microbe-associated molecular patterns. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) bind to peptidoglycan fragments and activate inflammatory and antimicrobial signaling pathways.

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