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cell surface receptor

A cell surface receptor, often referred to simply as a receptor, is a specialized protein molecule found on the surface of a cell membrane or within the cell membrane. These receptors play a crucial role in cellular communication and signal transduction, allowing cells to respond to specific external signals or ligands, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, or other signaling molecules.

The primary functions of cell surface receptors include:

1. Signal Reception: Cell surface receptors bind to specific ligands in their extracellular environment. These ligands are typically signaling molecules that carry information from one cell to another.

2. Signal Transduction: After binding to their ligands, cell surface receptors transmit signals from the extracellular space to the inside of the cell. This involves a series of molecular events and biochemical pathways that ultimately lead to a cellular response.

3. Cellular Response: The signal transduction pathways initiated by cell surface receptors can trigger various cellular responses. These responses can include changes in gene expression, alterations in cell behavior, enzyme activation, or other cellular processes.

There are several types of cell surface receptors, including:

1. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): These receptors are the largest family of cell surface receptors and are involved in a wide range of signaling processes. They activate intracellular signaling pathways through G proteins.

2. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs): RTKs are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. They have intrinsic kinase activity and phosphorylate tyrosine residues in response to ligand binding.

3. Ion Channel Receptors: These receptors control the flow of ions across the cell membrane in response to ligand binding, affecting membrane potential and cellular excitability.

4. Cytokine Receptors: Cytokine receptors are involved in immune responses and inflammation. They transmit signals from cytokines, which are small signaling proteins.

5. Nuclear Receptors: These receptors are found in the nucleus and directly affect gene expression when activated by ligands.

Cell surface receptors are essential for various physiological processes, including the regulation of growth, development, immune responses, and the coordination of various cellular activities. Dysregulation of these receptors can lead to diseases and disorders, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in medicine and drug development.

• Related publications citing GenScript: https://www.genscript.com/reference_peer-reviewed_literature_81456.html

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