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car

CAR stands for Chimeric Antigen Receptor. It is a type of genetically engineered receptor that is used in adoptive cell therapy to enhance the targeting and killing of cancer cells by the immune system.

In CAR T-cell therapy, T-cells (a type of white blood cell) are collected from a patient's blood and then genetically modified in the laboratory to express a chimeric antigen receptor on their surface. This receptor is designed to recognize a specific protein or antigen found on the surface of cancer cells. The CAR is a fusion protein that combines an antigen-binding domain (usually derived from an antibody) with T-cell signaling domains.

The process of CAR T-cell therapy involves the following steps:

1. Collection of T-cells from the patient's blood through a process called leukapheresis.
2. Genetic modification of the collected T-cells in the laboratory to introduce the CAR gene into their genome, allowing the T-cells to express the chimeric antigen receptor.
3. Expansion of the CAR-modified T-cells in large numbers to create a CAR T-cell product.
4. Infusion of the CAR T-cell product back into the patient.

Once the CAR T-cells are infused into the patient, they can recognize and bind to the targeted antigen on cancer cells. This binding activates the CAR T-cells, leading to their proliferation and release of cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin and granzymes. These molecules cause the destruction of the cancer cells, thereby attacking the tumor.

CAR T-cell therapy has shown remarkable success in treating certain types of blood cancers, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It has resulted in durable remissions and, in some cases, complete eradication of the cancer. Ongoing research is exploring the use of CAR T-cell therapy in other types of cancer and to overcome some of the challenges associated with this treatment, such as managing side effects and developing CAR T-cells with broader and more specific targeting capabilities.

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