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Acid dye

Acid dyes are a class of synthetic dyes that are primarily used for coloring fibers such as wool, silk, nylon, and modified acrylics. These dyes are water-soluble and possess an acidic pH, hence the name "acid" dyes. They are called acid dyes because they are typically applied under acidic conditions to facilitate dye uptake by the fibers.

Acid dyes are anionic in nature, meaning they carry a negative charge. This property allows them to quickly bond with the cationic sites present on the surface of the fibers, forming strong electrostatic interactions. The dye-fiber bond is typically facilitated by adding an acid, such as acetic acid or sulfuric acid, during the dyeing process.

These dyes offer a wide range of vibrant and intense colors and are known for their excellent lightfastness and wash-fastness properties. They are particularly well-suited for dyeing protein-based fibers like wool and silk, as well as synthetic fibers like nylon, which have amine groups available for interaction with the anionic dye molecules.

In addition to textile dyeing, acid dyes are also used in various other applications, such as leather dyeing, ink formulations, and coloration of paper and cellulose materials. They can be applied by multiple dyeing methods, including immersion dyeing, exhaustion dyeing, and printing techniques.

Notably, acid dyes are unsuitable for dyeing natural cellulosic fibers like cotton or linen as they do not possess the necessary cationic sites for dye uptake. Instead, reactive dyes are commonly used for cellulosic fibers due to their chemical reactivity with the fiber molecules.

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