Prevalence and Epidemics of Neoscytalidium Stem and Fruit Canker on Pitahaya (Hylocereus spp) in South Florida

Since the 2000s, production of pitahaya (Hylocereus spp.) has increased significantly in South Florida. However, very limited information is available on the main diseases affecting this crop, particularly in regard to disease epidemiology and economic impact on the commodity. In this study, we surveyed five local pitahaya orchards and documented the most prevalent diseases and their causal agents. Three genera of fungal pathogens (Neoscytalidium, Alternaria, and Colletotrichum) were the major groups associated with symptoms on pitahaya cladodes (stems) during the early growing season. Among these, N. dimidiatum was identified as the most prevalent pathogen, with an overall isolation frequency of 29.8% (range, 13.9 to 47.2%). Hence, the temporal progress of N. dimidiatum stem canker infection was monitored and the relationship between stem canker intensity (incidence and severity) and fruit canker incidence was investigated. A significant positive correlation was found between fruit canker incidence and the standardized area under the disease incidence or severity curve on cladodes, suggesting that high stem canker intensity in the early season may contribute to high fruit canker incidence and thereby impact the aesthetic and market value of fruits. In vitro assays showed that both conidial germination and mycelial growth of N. dimidiatum are positively correlated with increasing temperature, with a maximum growth area at 32°C. This finding suggests a higher risk of infection, under an environment with high temperatures, which is common in South Florida. Data obtained in this study represent baseline knowledge for the future development of integrative management programs for controlling major diseases of pitahaya in South Florida.