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a Related Biological Terms:

address molecule

(see organ targeting)

adenylate energy charge

A measure, on a scale of 0-1, of the degree of phosphorylation of adenine nucleotides; ([ATP]+1/3[ADP])/([ATP]+[ADP]+[AMP]). (see also phosphorylation potential)

adipo-

A prefix that indicates fatty tissue, e.g. adipocyte (a fat cell).

adrenergic

Responsive to the adrenal medullary hormone, i.e. adrenaline (epinephrine), and by extension responsive to other catecholamines. β-adrenergic responses are those that result in the intracellular generation of cyclic AMP.

advanced glycation end product (AGE)

The degradation product of a protein-carbohydrate addition product such as haemoglobin A1C, the Schiff base formed by the condensation of an -amino group of haemoglobin with glucose.

afferent

In neuroanatomy and physiology, this describes the neuron which delivers a signal to a synapse; contrasted with efferent, which refers to the neuron which receives and propagates a signal.

affinity chromatography

The separation of soluble macromolecules by use of a stationary phase that is designed to interact specifically with, and thus retard the elution of, the desired material; e.g. a hapten attached to a resin to help isolate an immunoglobulin directed against it.

affinity cleavage

A variation of the footprinting technique in which a DNA molecule is cleaved at a site occupied by a binding protein. A metal chelator [e.g. ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (EDTA)] is covalently attached to an amino acid residue of the binding protein; Fe3+ is ligated to the modified binding-protein-DNA complex and reduced in situ to generate free radicals that cleave the DNA in the immediate vicinity. A DNA sequencing gel ladder subsequently indicates the site of binding. Oakley, M.G. and Dervan, P.B. (1990) Science 248, 847-850

affinity labelling

A technique that depends upon the tight attachment of a ligand to a binding site on a protein or cell, followed by a chemical reaction to link the ligand covalently to its binding site. (see also photoaffinity labelling)

affinity precipitation

A technique for purification of proteins that depends upon reversible attachment to a ligand. A bis-ligand (or homofunctional ligand) is a double-headed molecule that can attach at each end to part of a multisubunit protein, forming an insoluble lattice. In an alternative approach, a ligand attaches a protein to a water-soluble polymer that can be made insoluble by changing the conditions of pH, temperature or ionic strength. Irwin, J.A. and Tipton, K.F. (1995) Essays Biochem. 29, 137-156

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