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chemical mismatch detection

(= hydroxylamine and osmium tetroxide (HOT) technique (chemical mismatch detection))

chemical shift

In nuclear magnetic resonance, the modulation of field strength necessary to achieve the resonance frequency characteristic of a particular atom in a particular chemical, i.e. bonding, environment.

chemiluminescence

The light emitted by an exergonic chemical reaction; contrasted with photoluminescence (fluorescence or phosphorescence), which is the light emitted as a fluorophore falls to a lower energy state after having been excited by irradiation.

chemiosmotic theory

A proposed mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrion and chloroplast that requires (1) electron transport to be arranged across the mitochondrial or chloroplast membrane so that protons are vectorially transported to its outer surface, (2) ATP synthesis to be arranged in the membrane so that the proton gradient can be used to drive ATP synthesis, and (3) that the mitochondrial/chloroplast membrane is impermeable to protons and defines an osmotically isolated space. The electron transport chain is composed alternately of hydrogen atom carriers and electron carriers, so that transfer from the former to the latter permits liberation of protons and their vectorial transport across the mitochondrial or chloroplast membrane. Because proton transport is not accompanied by an equivalent transport of electrons across the membrane, it generates not only a chemical potential (pH) but also an electron potential (), and the two together are termed the proton motive force. (see also chemical coupling hypothesis; conformational hypothesis; electrochemical gradient; P:O ratio; proton motive force)

chemotaxis

The movement of a cell along the concentration gradient of a chemical, the chemotactic agent, toward its source, in the case of the chemical being a chemoattractant, or away, in the case of a chemorepellant.Stock, A.M. and Mowbray, S.J. (1995) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5, 744-751

chiasma

The point of attachment of two chromatids during meiosis that results in crossing-over, which is the exchange of a region of one chromosome, from an end to the chiasma, with the homologous region of a sister chromosome.

chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay

A procedure for evaluation of the regulatory properties of eukaryotic promoter sequences. The CAT gene (which encodes an enzyme found only in bacteria) is used as a 'reporter gene' in that it is fused to a promoter sequence and introduced into a eukaryotic cell, where the ability of the promoter to cause the expression of the CAT gene is monitored by assay of the enzyme's activity; the assay may involve thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the conversion of [14C]chloramphenicol into acetyl [14C]chloramphenicol.

chloride shift

The movement of chloride ions into erythrocytes as bicarbonate exits, due to the generation by carbonic anhydrase of bicarbonate from carbonic acid inside the cells as they pass through peripheral tissues and take up carbon dioxide.

chloroplast

An organelle of a green plant cell in which light harvesting and ATP synthesis occur. (see also thylakoid membrane)

chromatophoresis

A technique for protein separation that uses high-pressure liquid chromatography followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The effluent from a reverse-phase column is mixed with SDS and a reducing agent and applied to a polyacrylamide slab gel; the resulting gel shows two-dimensional separation, by polarity in one dimension and by molecular mass in the other.

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