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s Related Biological Terms:

catabolite repression

(see glucose effect)

catalytic rate constant (kcat)

The first-order rate constant that describes the rate-limiting step in enzyme catalysis, usually the conversion of the enzyme-substrate complex into the enzyme-product complex; the maximal velocity divided by the enzyme concentration. (see also turnover number (catalytic-centre activity))

catalytic site

The region of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate to effect the enzymic reaction.

catalytic subunit

(see regulatory subunit)

cathepsin

An endopeptidase, often with low pH optimum, associated with lysosomes in the cell.

central nervous system (CNS)

A division of the nervous system of higher animals that consists of the brain and spinal cord. (see also peripheral nervous system (PNS))

centrosome

One of the structures of a cell that during mitosis serves as a microtubule-organizing centre; it becomes the structure from which the mitotic spindle radiates and which defines a cell pole.

charge relay system

A tautomeric form of a protein in which a formal charge on one dissociating group is moved to another in the same protein. In serine proteinases, for example, an internal αgamma-) carboxylate is partially protonated by bridging via an imidazole to an active-site nucleophile, often a serine hydroxy or cysteine thiol group, leaving the nucleophile with a negative charge and making it more reactive in its attack upon a substrate molecule. This group of residues is termed the catalytic triad.

chemical coupling hypothesis

Explanation for oxidative phosphorylation by analogy with substrate-level phosphorylation, i.e. when a phosphate derivative of an electron carrier is oxidized, it becomes a high-energy phosphate compound, energetically capable of transferring its phosphate to ADP. (see also chemiosmotic theory; conformational hypothesis)

chemical force microscopy

A variant of atomic force microscopy in which the sensing probe is coated with a substance that interacts with the test material or object. Frisbe, C.D., Rozsnyai, L.F., Noy, A., et al. (1994) Science 265, 2071-2074

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