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a Related Biological Terms:

A protein stripped of any prosthetic group or metal ion normally associated with it. (see also holoprotein)

An agent that causes apoptosis.

A morphologically characterized process of programmed cell death, initiated by various physiological or pathological causes (e.g. cell turnover, hormone-induced atrophy, cell-mediated immune cytolysis, tumour regression), that is characterized by shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm, cell fragmentation and phagocytosis. apoptosis is contrasted with necrosis, which is a random pathological process initiated by irreversible cell damage. apoptosis is controlled by extracellular signals or the removal of extracellular suppressors of cell death. (see also death gene)Raff, M.C. (1992) Nature (London) 356, 397-400; Martin, S.J., Green, D.R. and Cotter, T.G. (1994) Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 26-31; Ffrench-Constant, C. (1992) Curr. Biol. 2, 577-579; Kroemer, G., Petit, P., Zamzami, N., et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9, 1277-1287

The Michaelis constant as observed under conditions (e.g. the presence of a competitive inhibitor) that would hinder the determination of its true value; in the case of a two-substrate enzyme, the Michaelis constant measured under the particular conditions of a defined concentration of the invariant substrate.

(see entropy effect)

bovine pancreatic proteinase inhibitor.

A polynucleotide with binding properties optimized for a particular ligand by cycles of selection from a mixture of random sequences.Uphoff, K.W. et al., (1996) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6, 281-288; Williamson, J.R., Nature (London) 382, 112-113

A polynucleotide that has lost one or more purine bases due to the lability in acid of the glycosidic bond to purines.

A polynucleotide that has lost one or more pyrimidine bases. (see apurinic DNA)

(see primer).

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