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anti-oncogene (tumour suppressor gene)

A gene that normally functions to regulate cell proliferation by suppression of the function of an oncogene; one cause of cancer is the loss or damage of anti-oncogenes. Klein, G. (1993) FASEB J. 7, 821-825

antichimaeric assistance

(see entropy effect)

antigen presentation

The appearance on the surface of a cell of a foreign protein, e.g. one that arises from viral infection, in a complex with a class I major histocompatibility complex protein. It is this complex that is recognized by killer T-cells. Barinaga, M. (1990) Science 250, 1657-1658

antisense

Descriptive of an endogenous or semi-synthetically produced oligoribonucleotide complementary to mRNA and capable of base-pairing and annealing with mRNA to prevent translation; or of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide capable of binding to the major groove of polypurine-polypyrimidine sequences of DNA by Hoogsteen base pairing to silence a gene. Also used to describe one of the two strands of double-stranded DNA, usually that which has the same sequence as the mRNA, i.e. the non-transcribed strand. However, there is not universal agreement on this convention, and a preferred designation is coding strand for the strand whose sequence matches that of the mRNA, and non-coding strand for the complementary strand (i.e. the transcription template, or transcribed strand). De Mesmaeker, A., Haner, R., Martin, P. and Moser, H.E. (1995) Acc. Chem. Res. 28, 366-374; Hengen, P.N. (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 153-154; Cornish-Bowden, A. (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 155

antisense drug

(= code blocker (antisense drug))

apicoplast

(see apicomplexan)

apolar water-accessible surface area

The surface of a protein that is internalized in native proteins and that becomes available for interaction with water during denaturation.

apoptosis

A morphologically characterized process of programmed cell death, initiated by various physiological or pathological causes (e.g. cell turnover, hormone-induced atrophy, cell-mediated immune cytolysis, tumour regression), that is characterized by shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm, cell fragmentation and phagocytosis. apoptosis is contrasted with necrosis, which is a random pathological process initiated by irreversible cell damage. apoptosis is controlled by extracellular signals or the removal of extracellular suppressors of cell death. (see also death gene)Raff, M.C. (1992) Nature (London) 356, 397-400; Martin, S.J., Green, D.R. and Cotter, T.G. (1994) Trends Biochem. Sci. 19, 26-31; Ffrench-Constant, C. (1992) Curr. Biol. 2, 577-579; Kroemer, G., Petit, P., Zamzami, N., et al. (1995) FASEB J. 9, 1277-1287

arrest

(see halt)

ascus

A spore-like form through which yeast cells pass during their life cycle; an outer wall surrounds a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to form four haploid cells (ascospores) which eventually rupture to yield two diploid daughters.

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