Monocytic microparticles activate endothelial cells in an IL-1βdependent manner.

Microparticles (MPs) are shed from activated and dying cells. They can transmit signals from cell to cell, locally or at a distance through the circulation. Monocytic MPs are elevated in different diseases, including bacterial infections. Here, we investigated how monocytic MPs activate endothelial cells. We found that MPs from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated THP-1 monocytic cells bind to and are internalized by human endothelial cells. MPs from LPS-treated THP-1 cells, but not untreated cells, induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, activation of the nuclear factor-B pathway and expression of cell adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin. Similar results were observed using MPs from LPS-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We next investigated the mechanism by which monocytic MPs activated endothelial cells and found that they contain IL-1β and components of the inflammasome, including apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, caspase-1, and NLRP3. Importantly, knockdown of NLRP3 in THP-1 cells reduced the activity of the MPs and blockade of the IL-1 receptor on endothelial cells decreased MP-dependent induction of cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, monocytic MPs contain IL-1β and may amplify inflammation by enhancing the activation of the endothelium.